|
The system of Japanese numerals is the system of number names used in the Japanese language. The Japanese numerals in writing are entirely based on the Chinese numerals and the grouping of large numbers follow the Chinese tradition of grouping by 10,000. Two sets of pronunciations for the numerals exist in Japanese: one is based on Sino-Japanese (on'yomi) readings of the Chinese characters and the other is based on the Japanese yamato kotoba (native words, kun'yomi readings). == Basic numbering in Japanese == There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese, in Hindu-Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3) or in Chinese numerals (一, 二, 三). The Hindu-Arabic numerals are more often used in horizontal writing, and the Chinese numerals are more common in vertical writing. Most numbers have two readings, one derived from Chinese used for cardinal numbers and a native Japanese reading used for ordinal numbers, though there are some exceptions (listed below) in which the Japanese version is preferred for both. * Starting at 万, numbers begin with 一 (''ichi'') if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just 百 ''hyaku'', and 1000 is just 千 ''sen'', but 10,000 is 一万 ''ichiman'', not just *''man''. And, if 千 ''sen'' directly precedes the name of powers of myriad, 一 ''ichi'' is normally attached before 千 ''sen'', which yields 一千 ''issen''. That is, 10,000,000 is normally read as 一千万 ''issenman''. But if 千 ''sen'' does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad or if numbers are lower than 2,000, attaching 一 ''ichi'' is optional. That is, 15,000,000 is read as 千五百万 ''sengohyakuman'' or 一千五百万 ''issengohyakuman'', and 1,500 as 千五百 ''sengohyaku'' or 一千五百 ''issengohyaku''. The numbers 4 and 9 are considered unlucky in Japanese: 4, pronounced ''shi'', is a homophone for ; 9, when pronounced ''ku'', is a homophone for . See tetraphobia. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from Western tradition. In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers are given the ''on'' readings except 4 and 7, which are called ''yon'' and ''nana'' respectively. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases. For instance, the decimal fraction 4.79 is always read ''yon-ten nana kyū'', though April, July, and September are called ''shi-gatsu'' (4th month), ''shichi-gatsu'' (7th month), and ''ku-gatsu'' (9th month) respectively. The ''on'' readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. ichi-ni-san-shi). Intermediate numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit)-jū". *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit)-hyaku". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit)-sen". *Additionally, the tens from 30 to 90 in kun reading are formed by "(digit)-so", where the digit is also in kun reading: ''miso'' (30), ''yoso'' (40), ''iso'' (50), ''muso'' (60), ''nanaso'' (70), ''yaso'' (80), ''kokonoso'' (90). Variations include ''i'' for 50 and the suffix ''-ji'' for 20 through 90. However, for the most part, these are not in use in modern Japanese. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving voicing or gemination of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. rendaku): e.g. ''roku'' "six" and ''hyaku'' "hundred" yield ''roppyaku'' "six hundred". * * * In large numbers, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. ===Other types of numerals=== Beyond the basic cardinals and ordinals, Japanese has other types of numerals. Distributive numbers are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix , as in . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Japanese numerals」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|